Detecting research fraud and misconduct is very difficult, in part because the peer review system typically use to evaluate research is based on trust. In other words, reviewers trust that authors are accurately describing their methods and findings (they don't attempt to actually reproduce and verify the research).
However, there are some red flags to look for, many of which are articulated in the checklist below.
Research fraud and misconduct is a big bucket and can include:
Explore the links below for additional examples and to learn more.